The most common poultry production system in Rwanda is an extensive system based on rearing indigenous chicken with low productivity. The objective of the present review was to highlight the challenges and opportunities of poultry farming, genetic resources, and strategies to improve poultry production in Rwanda. Poultry farming in Rwanda is facing many challenges including, feed scarcity, dependency on day-old chick imports, and poor access to credit, poor housing, and poor local genetic breeds and diseases. On the other hand, it presents opportunities such as active participation of public agencies in livestock research and improvement, higher chicken meat acceptance, and low start-up capital. Rwanda needs to pay more attention to its diversified indigenous chicken to select the best parent stocks to improve poultry production.