We conducted this review to evaluate and summarize the current status of population genetic research on the domestic animals in Mongolia. Mongolia has a long history of domestic animals breeding across its vast territory. Mongolia’s system of pastoral herding consists of five kinds of domestic animals and dates back more than 3,000 years. According to statistic report from government in 2017, Mongolia supported and estimated 61.5 million head of goats, sheep, cattle, horses and camels. Most previous population genetic studies focused on the domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) species which is rapidly declining across its range. In this study, four studies examined for Mongolian horse (Equus f. caballus) populations, while just one or two studies looked into domestic sheep, goat and cattle. This review demonstrates a need for additional research into the population genetics of Mongolian sheep, goat and cattle. Therefore, we are planning to perform population genetic studies for native sheep, goats and cattle in Mongolia.